The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs.Įlectron tomography used to produce images of active mitochondria.Īnalysis of diagrams of the pathways of aerobic respiration to deduce where decarboxylation and oxidation reactions occur.Īnnotation of a diagram of a mitochondrion to indicate the adaptations to its function. Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water. In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP. Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping. This process occurs in the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. Įnergy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD. Cellular respiration or aerobic respiration is a series of chemical reactions which begin with the reactants of sugar in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products. In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide. In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction. Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen. ATP is used by the cell as the energy for metabolic processes for cellular functions. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. Cellular respiration refers to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, but is often synonymous with aerobic respiration. The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. When hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase the motive force is used to convert ADP and phosphate into ATP.Ĭell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers. This enzyme sits embedded within the inner membrane of mitochondria. The key component in oxidative phosphorylation is ATP synthase (above left). The image to the above to the right shows the conversion of ADP and a phosphate into ATP.ĪTP can be made by substrate level phosphorylation, but most commonly oxidative phosphorylation is used. The purpose of cell respiration therefore it to breakdown carbohydrates and lipids so that ATP can be produced from ADP when needed. Because of it's unstable nature it is only produced when needed carbohydrates, lipids (and sometimes proteins) provide more stable longer term storage for energy. All living things depend on energy, which. ATP can therefore be used as a coenzyme in many parts of the cells metabolism providing the energy needed for many reactions. what is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration ESSENTIAL QUESTION. The energy released by ATP is held in the bond between the second and the third phosphates. It is unstable and will breakdown into Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate releasing energy (as heat). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of cells.
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